Ce inseamna un "desen bun" ?

 Textul se gaseste pe Luquet Archives  aici

Does Practice Make Perfect? Children’s and Adults’ Constructions of Graphic Merit and Development: A Crosscultural Study 

David Pariser, Concordia University
Anna Kindler, University of British Columbia.
Axel van den Berg, McGill University
Belidson Dias, University of Brasilia
Wan Chen Liu, National Changhua University of Education

" This paper touches on many topics related to child art, but primarily addresses two: the “real nature” of graphic development as it exists in some absolute sense, and various people’s notions of what they believe graphic development actually looks like. This abstract entity—the “true” nature of graphic development––is present mostly as an absence, but its presence is nevertheless felt, for it is a foil against which to measure the quantified judgments of judges from three different countries of what constitute better and worse drawings. And as these drawings have been collected from a cross-age sample of children, adolescents, naïve, and art trained adults alike, it is an easy step to organize these judgments of good, bad, and indifferent drawings into the implied outlines of a graphic-developmental path, one where the ultimate telos is a mystical and perhaps unknowable entity called a “good drawing.”

"Steal Like An Artist" de Austin Kleon - prezentari

Solomon Marcus despre educatie si reforma educatiei

 Un articol in concordanta cu opinia mea despre educatie.

Solomon Marcus: Educatia, un bolnav cu diagnostic controversat

http://sar.org.ro/solomon-marcus-educatia-un-bolnav-cu-diagnostic-controversat/

(...)Rani deschise ale educatiei

Iata cateva (categorii de) astfel de rani: a) ignorarea nevoilor si drepturilor fundamentale ale copilului si adolescentului; b) ignorarea imperativelor societatii globalizate actuale; c) absenta educarii unei frecventari adecvate a televiziunii si internetului, care, din acest motiv, raman in mare masura antieducationale; d) persistenta unei mentalitati inapoiate la multi parinti, educatori si factori de decizie, in ceea ce priveste obiectul educatiei; e) incapacitatea educarii unui comportament bazat pe valori umane; f) incapacitatea depasirii reprezentarilor fragmentare, impuse de organizarea pe discipline care nu prea comunica intre ele; g) persistenta unor programe de invatamant peste care s-a asezat de mult rugina si care rateaza cele mai spectaculoase evenimente ale istoriei stiintei din ultimii 150 de ani; h) manuale in mare parte plictisitoare, neatractive, uneori neinteligibile ; i) val puternic, un adevarat tsunami antieducational pe care strada, mass media, viata publica  il produc si care saboteaza in mare masura actiunea scolii; j) numar crescand de familii incapabile sa ilustreze, sa confirme intelepciunea celor « sapte ani de-acasa ».  Aceste aspecte patologice ale educatiei sunt strans legate intre ele, teritoriul fiecaruia se intersecteaza cu teritoriile celorlalte.

Nevoile si drepturile fundamentale ale copilului si adolescentului

Exceptand nevoile de adapost, imbracaminte si hrana, copilul si adolescentul nu-si constientizeaza nevoile, nu le pot exprima si nu pot revendica satisfacerea lor. Ca si in cazul animalelor, adultii trebuie sa preia aceasta responsabilitate. Numai ca acest lucru nu prea se intampla. De exemplu, o urmarire atenta a comportamentului unui copil, de la cea mai frageda varsta, ne dezvaluie nevoia sa de a intelege ce se intampla in jurul sau si cu sine. Toate simturile sale sunt in alerta, curiozitatea sa nu are margini, el se afla intr-o continua dinamica, in care jocul este expresia nevoii sale de libertate, de observare si experiment. Intrebarea « de ce? » il obsedeaza, dar pe multi parinti si educatori ii enerveaza. Incercari, greseli si esecuri fac parte din ceea ce este pentru el aventura cunoasterii, dar dreptul de a gresi si de a esua chiar in mod repetat este o componenta obligatorie a activitatii sale de explorare a mediului ambiant, este pretul inevitabil pe care trebuie sa-l plateasca pentru a dobandi capacitatea de a gandi cu capul sau si de a nu se pierde atunci cand se afla in situatii inedite. Daca am tine seama de acest fapt, n-am mai diaboliza greseala si esecul, acordandu-le un statut general de infractiune, am sti sa distingem intre greselile negative si cele provenite din actiunea de cautare, din asumarea unui risc.(...)

Tim Brown on creativity and play

Can We Teach Creative and Critical Thinking?

original text: http://www.good.is/post/can-we-teach-creative-and-critical-thinking/

When a teacher gives a test, he or she is trying to measure students' ability to recall and apply information learned over a particular period of time. The exams make it relatively straightforward: Did the student get an answer right or wrong? Was mastery of skills demonstrated?

But how is creative or critical thought defined and taught? And by what assessment can we measure it, if at all?

Critical thinking is, among many things, the ability to understand and apply the abstract, the ability to infer and to meaningfully investigate. It’s the skills needed to see parallels, comprehend intersections, identify problems, and develop sustainable solutions. According to the Foundation for Critical Thinking, sound critical thinking is imperative to social progress. It is with our thoughts that we shape the world: Thinking creatively shapes social and cultural structures. It affects the way blame is placed, the way ideas of right and wrong are developed, the way leaders are elected, and the way we understand our place in the world as individuals and as a collective. It helps define, or complicate, who “we” are in the first place.

Teaching critical and creative thought, however, is challenging: First, critical thinking may mean different things to different instructors, principals, and/or districts. Second, it can be hard to know what students are taking away from lessons and curricula designed to cultivate critical thinking skills.

There are ways to navigate through these obstacles: Cultivating critical thinking may be accomplished with modeling. A teacher may explicitly show students how to make connections between their experiences and those of others, show them how to link pieces of literature, or explain the relationship between a piece of modern music infused with metaphor and the poetry lesson from last month. Particular curricula, ones that ask students not just when and where things happened, but why and how, and what contemporary parallels can be drawn, can enhance these skills.

Critical thinking can also be elicited in less directive ways: School trips, service learning requirements, and various other kinds of hands-on situations allow students to make connections at their own pace. In any case, critical thinking skills are probably best infused over months and years, the result of both direct and more subtle instruction, during which teachers suggest, and insist, that students investigate further, making—but more importantly, justifying—inferences and conclusions.

Students at Codman Academy Charter Public School in Dorchester, Massachusetts, engage in so-called "expeditionary learning" projects, which are designed around a topic (for example, botany or urban renewal in a particular city) selected by the students or their teachers. Through research, participating in service learning, talking with seasoned professionals within a particular industry, fieldwork, and by preparing presentations and papers on their topics to share with their schoolmates and the larger community, students build critical and problem solving skills that will serve them for life.

So, if it is possible to teach this type of thinking, how then can we measure if students are developing these skills? This is likely the more confounding question. It’s hard to design test questions that effectively measure a child’s ability think creatively. One way may be to scaffold questions that increase in complexity and demand, which may allow students the opportunity to reiterate, to explain, and then to synthesize information they've gathered. Asking students to make connections between different strands of a curriculum may also be a good way to measure these skills. Assessments may also come in more spontaneous moments, when a child responds to a question or a moment with quiet brilliance or sensitivity. (It may be, however, that the most meaningful measurement takes place once a student is launched into the adult world.)

At the heart of teaching critical and creative thought is the ability to ask the right questions to students. In turn, they need to be able answer in a way that demonstrates their ability to see the parallels and intersections; perceive linkages between historical moments, between the period and the art, between the circumstances then and now; to comprehend the relationship between “us” and “them”, between “we” and “they,” and, ultimately, whether dichotomies like “we” and “they” are useful—and, if so, how.

Illustration by Will Etling

Zoe Burgess has been working in education for seven years. She is a Teach For America alumnus, and currently works as an education consultant, research assistant, and writer.